Introduction to Law

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ϱ ABOUT THE AUTHOR ϲ ABOUT THE BOOK. ϳ TABLE OF CONTENTS ϵ BOOK PLAN .ϭϳ A NOTE FOR THE STUDENTS OF THE FACULTIES OF POLITICAL SCIENCES HOW TO USE THIS BOOK CHAPTER 1 ϭ. SOCIAL ORDER RULES .Ϯϳ ϭ.ϭ. HUMAN AND SOCIETY Ϯϳ ϭ.Ϯ. SOCIETY AND ORDER Ϯϳ ϭ.ϯ. SOCIAL ORDER RULES . Ϯϴ ϭ.ϯ.ϭ. Religious Rules Ϯϴ ϭ.ϯ.Ϯ. TƌaditioŶal Rules . Ϯϵ ϭ.ϯ.ϯ. Moƌal Rules ;EthiĐsͿ ϯϬ ϭ.ϯ.ϰ. Laǁ ;Legal RulesͿ. ϯϬ ϭ.ϰ. THE SIMILARITIES AMONG SOCIAL ORDER RULES ϯϭ ϭ.ϱ. THE DIFFERENCES AMONG SOCIAL ORDER RULES . ϯϭ ϭ.ϲ. THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG SOCIAL ORDER RULES . ϯϮ ϭ.ϲ.ϭ. The ƌelatioŶship ďetǁeeŶ laǁ aŶd ƌeligious ƌules ϯϯ ϭ.ϲ.Ϯ. The ƌelatioŶship ďetǁeeŶ laǁ aŶd ŵoƌal ƌules ϯϯ ϭ.ϲ.ϯ. The ƌelatioŶship ďetǁeeŶ laǁ aŶd ĐustoŵaƌLJ ƌules. ϯϰ Ϯ. DEFINITION OF LAW .ϯϱ Ϯ.ϭ. THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF LAW ϯϲ Ϯ.Ϯ. MAIN TYPES OF LEGAL SANCTIONS ϯϲ Ϯ.ϯ. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEGAL RULES . ϯϳ ϯ. SOURCES OF LAW .ϯϴ ϯ.ϭ. CONSTITUTION . ϰϬ ϯ.Ϯ. LAWS ;ACTS, CODES AND STATUTESͿ. ϰϬ ϭϬ ϯ.ϯ. INTERNATIONAL TREATIESϰϬ ϯ.ϰ. STATUTORY DECREES ;DECREES HAVING THE EFFECT OF LAWͿ.ϰϬ ϯ.ϱ. REGULATIONS .ϰϬ ϯ.ϲ. BY-LAWSϰϬ ϯ.ϳ. OTHER DELEGATED LEGISLATION ;SUBORDINATE LEGISLATIONͿ.ϰϭ ϯ.ϴ. DOCTRINEϰϭ ϯ.ϵ. CASE LAWϰϮ ϯ.ϭϬ.HIERARCHY OF LAW ϰϮ CHAPTER 2 Ϯ. LEGAL SYSTEMS . ϱϭ Ϯ.ϭ. ANGLO-SAXON LAW SYSTEM ;COMMON LAW, CASE LAWͿ .ϱϮ Ϯ.Ϯ. CIVIL LAW SYSTEM ;CONTINENTAL EUROPEAN LAW, ROMAN LAWͿ.ϱϱ Ϯ.ϯ. RELIGIOUS LAW SYSTEM.ϱϳ ϯ. SEVERAL CONCEPTS . ϲϲ ϯ.ϭ. LAW & JUSTICEϲϲ ϯ.Ϯ. LEGAL POSITIVISM & NATURAL LAW ϲϲ ϯ.ϯ. DOMESTIC LAW & INTERNATIONAL LAW .ϲϳ ϯ.ϯ.ϭ. RelatioŶship ďetǁeeŶ NatioŶal aŶd IŶteƌŶatioŶal Laǁ.ϲϴ ϯ.ϰ. SUBSTANTIVE LAW & PROCEDURAL LAW.ϲϵ CHAPTER 3 ϭ. APPLICATION OF LEGAL RULES . ϳϲ ϭ.ϭ. ASCERTAINING THE APPLICABLE RULESϳϲ ϭ.Ϯ. DETERMINING THE FACTS.ϳϳ ϭ.ϯ. THE THIRD STAGE IS TO APPLY THE RELEVANT PROVISIONS OF RULE .ϳϴ ϭ.ϯ.ϭ. SLJllogisŵϳϴ ϭ.ϯ.Ϯ. AƌguŵeŶtuŵ a CoŶtƌaƌio ϳϵ ϭ.ϯ.ϯ. AŶalogLJϴϬ Ϯ. BURDEN OF PROOF ϴϬ Ϯ.ϭ. BURDEN OF PROOF/IN CRIMINAL CASESϴϭ Ϯ.Ϯ. BURDEN OF PROOF/IN CIVIL CASES ϴϭ ϯ. PRESUMPTIONS. ϴϯ ϯ.ϭ. STATUTORY PRESUMPTION ϴϯ ϯ.Ϯ. REBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION.ϴϯ ϯ.ϯ. IRREBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION .ϴϱ ϭϭ ϰ. INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL RULESϴϱ ϰ.ϭ. TEXTUAL INTERPRETATION ϴϲ ϰ.Ϯ. HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION ϴϳ ϰ.ϯ. LOGICAL INTERPRETATION. ϴϴ ϰ.ϰ. TELEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION. ϴϴ ϰ.ϱ. UNRESTRICTED ;FREEͿ INTERPRETATION . ϴϴ CHAPTER 4 ϭ. CORPUS IURIS CIVILIS .ϵϯ Ϯ. CRITERIA FOR THE DIVISION OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE LAW .ϵϱ Ϯ.ϭ. INTEREST CRITERION ϵϲ Ϯ.Ϯ. FREE WILL CRITERION. ϵϲ Ϯ.ϯ. SOVEREIGNTY CRITERION. ϵϳ Ϯ.ϰ. EQUALITY CRITERION . ϵϳ CHAPTER 5 ϭ. DEFINITION OF CONSTITUTION .ϭϬϯ ϭ.ϭ. NEED FOR A CONSTITUTION: ϭϬϯ ϭ.Ϯ. CONTENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION: . ϭϬϰ ϭ.Ϯ.ϭ. OƌgaŶizatioŶ aŶd Foƌŵ of AdŵiŶistƌatioŶ of the State ϭϬϰ ϭ.Ϯ.Ϯ. FuŶĐtioŶs of DiffeƌeŶt OƌgaŶs of the GoǀeƌŶŵeŶt . ϭϬϱ ϭ.Ϯ.ϯ. FuŶdaŵeŶtal Rights aŶd Fƌeedoŵs ϭϬϱ ϭ.ϯ. ESSENTIALS OR REQUISITES OF A GOOD CONSTITUTION ϭϬϳ Ϯ. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTITUTIONS ϭϬϴ Ϯ.ϭ. IN TERMS OF CONTENTS OF PROVISIONS ϭϬϵ Ϯ.ϭ.ϭ. TƌaditioŶal ;UŶǁƌitteŶͿ CoŶstitutioŶs. ϭϬϵ Ϯ.ϭ.Ϯ.ϭ.Meƌits of aŶ UŶǁƌitteŶ CoŶstitutioŶ ϭϬϵ Ϯ.ϭ.Ϯ.Ϯ.Deŵeƌits of aŶ UŶǁƌitteŶ CoŶstitutioŶ ϭϭϬ Ϯ.ϭ.Ϯ. WƌitteŶ CoŶstitutioŶ. ϭϭϬ Ϯ.ϭ.Ϯ.ϭ.Meƌits of a WƌitteŶ CoŶstitutioŶ ϭϭϬ Ϯ.ϭ.Ϯ.Ϯ.Deŵeƌits of a WƌitteŶ CoŶstitutioŶ ϭϭϭ Ϯ.Ϯ. IN TERMS OF ͞PROCEDURE OF LEGISLATION͟ . ϭϭϭ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϭ. Fledžiďle ;SoftͿ CoŶstitutioŶs ϭϭϮ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϭ.ϭ.Meƌits of a Fledžiďle ;SoftͿ CoŶstitutioŶs. ϭϭϮ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϭ.Ϯ.Deŵeƌits of a Fledžiďle ;SoftͿ CoŶstitutioŶ ϭϭϯ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϭ. IŶfledžiďle ;RigidͿ CoŶstitutioŶ ϭϭϯ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϭ.ϭ.Meƌists of aŶ IŶfledžiďle ;RigidͿ CoŶstitutioŶ. ϭϭϯ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϭ.Ϯ.Deeƌists of aŶ IŶfledžiďle ;RigidͿ CoŶstitutioŶ ϭϭϰ ϭϮ Ϯ.ϯ. IN TERMS OF ͞METHOD OF LEGISLATION.ϭϭϰ Ϯ.ϯ.ϭ. Regulatoƌ CoŶstitutioŶs.ϭϭϰ Ϯ.ϯ.Ϯ. Fƌaŵe CoŶstitutioŶs ϭϭϰ ϯ. CONSTITUTIONALISIM ϭϭϱ ϯ.ϭ. HISTORY OF CONSTITUTIONALISM .ϭϭϱ ϯ.Ϯ. CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF TURKEY ϭϭϳ CHAPTER 6 ϭ. THE CONCEPT OF ADMINISTRATIONϭϮϳ ϭ.ϭ. DIVISION OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION .ϭϮϴ ϭ.ϭ.ϭ. The DiffeƌeŶĐes iŶ Teƌŵs of EstaďlishŵeŶt.ϭϮϵ ϭ.ϭ.Ϯ. The DiffeƌeŶĐes iŶ Teƌŵs of TaƌgetsϭϮϵ ϭ.ϭ.ϯ. The DiffeƌeŶĐes iŶ Teƌŵs of the DeteƌŵiŶatioŶ of AĐtiǀitLJ Aƌeas.ϭϮϵ ϭ.ϭ.ϰ. The DiffeƌeŶĐes iŶ Teƌŵs of the EdžeƌĐise of PuďliĐ Poǁeƌ ϭϮϵ ϭ.ϭ.ϱ. The DiffeƌeŶĐes iŶ Teƌŵs of PƌioƌitLJϭϮϵ ϭ.ϭ.ϲ. The DiffeƌeŶĐes iŶ Teƌŵs of LegalitLJ .ϭϮϵ ϭ.ϭ.ϳ. The DiffeƌeŶĐes iŶ Teƌŵs of TeƌŵiŶatioŶϭϯϬ Ϯ. SYSTEMS OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ϭϯϬ ϯ. THE BIRTH OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ϭϯϭ ϰ. THE BIRTH OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW IN TURKEY .ϭϯϭ ϱ. THE FEATURES OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAWϭϯϮ ϲ. THE PRINCIPLES OF CENTRALIZATION AND DECENTRALIZATION.ϭϯϰ ϲ.ϭ. CENTRALIZATION ϭϯϰ ϲ.ϭ.ϭ. The Featuƌes of CeŶtƌalizatioŶ ϭϯϰ ϲ.ϭ.Ϯ. The AdǀaŶtages of CeŶtƌalizatioŶϭϯϱ ϲ.ϭ.ϯ. The DisadǀaŶtages of CeŶtƌalizatioŶ .ϭϯϱ ϲ.Ϯ. DECENTRALIZATION ϭϯϲ ϲ.Ϯ.ϭ. The Featuƌes of DeĐeŶtƌalizatioŶ ϭϯϲ ϲ.Ϯ.Ϯ. The AdǀaŶtages of DeĐeŶtƌalizatioŶϭϯϲ ϲ.Ϯ.ϯ. The DisadǀaŶtages of DeĐeŶtƌalizatioŶ .ϭϯϳ ϳ. INTEGRITY OF THE ADMINISTRATION ϭϯϳ ϳ.ϭ. HIERARCHYϭϯϳ ϳ.ϭ.ϭ. The CoŶteŶt of HieƌaƌĐhiĐal Poǁeƌsϭϯϴ ϳ.Ϯ. ADMINISTRATIVE TUTELAGE.ϭϯϵ ϳ.Ϯ.ϭ. The Featuƌes of AdŵiŶistƌatiǀe Tutelage ϭϯϵ ϳ.Ϯ.Ϯ. The CoŶteŶt of the AdŵiŶistƌatiǀe Tutelage Poǁeƌs ϭϯϵ ϳ.ϯ. DEVOLUTION OF POWERS ϭϰϬ ϭϯ CHAPTER 7 ϭ. DEFINITION OF TAX ϭϰϲ Ϯ. TURKISH TAXATION SYSTEM .ϭϰϳ Ϯ.ϭ. TAX PROCEDURE. ϭϰϳ Ϯ.Ϯ. TAXES ON PROFITS AND INCOME. ϭϰϵ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϭ. PeƌsoŶal IŶĐoŵe Tadž . ϭϰϵ Ϯ.Ϯ.Ϯ. Coƌpoƌate IŶĐoŵe Tadž. ϭϱϭ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϯ. Tadžes oŶ Goods aŶd SeƌǀiĐes ϭϱϭ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϯ.ϭ.Value Added Tadž. ϭϱϮ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϯ.Ϯ. SpeĐial CoŶsuŵptioŶ Tadž ϭϱϯ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϯ.ϯ. SpeĐial CoŵŵuŶiĐatioŶ Tadž ϭϱϰ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϯ.ϰ.BaŶkiŶg aŶd IŶsuƌaŶĐe TƌaŶsaĐtioŶ Tadž . ϭϱϰ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϰ. Tadžes oŶ PƌopeƌtLJ . ϭϱϱ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϰ.ϭ.IŶheƌitaŶĐe aŶd Gift Tadž . ϭϱϱ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϰ.Ϯ.PƌopeƌtLJ Tadž . ϭϱϱ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϰ.ϯ.Motoƌ VehiĐle Tadž ϭϱϲ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϱ. Otheƌ Tadžes. ϭϱϲ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϱ.ϭ. Staŵp Tadž . ϭϱϲ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϱ.Ϯ.GaŵďliŶg Tadž ϭϱϳ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϱ.ϯ.Custoŵs DutLJ . ϭϱϳ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϱ.ϰ. Fees ϭϱϳ CHAPTER 8 ϭ. THE CONCEPT OF STATE ϭϲϯ ϭ.ϭ. THE CONCEPT OF STATE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE. ϭϲϯ Ϯ. THE ELEMENTS OF THE STATEϭϲϰ Ϯ.ϭ. TERRITORY ϭϲϰ Ϯ.Ϯ. BACKGROUND NOTE ON AEGEAN DISPUTES BETWEEN TURKEY AND GREECE CONCERNING TERRITORIAL WATERS AND CONTINENTAL SHELF ϭϲϲ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϭ. The teƌƌitoƌial ǁateƌs aŶd the ĐoŶtiŶeŶtal shelf. ϭϲϲ Ϯ.Ϯ.Ϯ. The deŵilitaƌized status of the EasteƌŶ AegeaŶ IslaŶds . ϭϲϵ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϯ. The legal status of ĐeƌtaiŶ geogƌaphiĐal featuƌes iŶ the AegeaŶ ϭϲϵ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϰ. AegeaŶ aiƌspaĐe ϭϳϬ Ϯ.Ϯ.ϱ. SeaƌĐh aŶd ResĐue ;SARͿ opeƌatioŶs/aĐtiǀities. ϭϳϮ Ϯ.ϯ. POPULATION ϭϳϯ ϭϰ Ϯ.ϰ. SOVEREIGNTYϭϳϰ Ϯ.ϰ.ϭ. OƌigiŶ of the teƌŵϭϳϰ Ϯ.ϰ.Ϯ. DefiŶitioŶs .ϭϳϱ Ϯ.ϰ.ϯ. KiŶds of SoǀeƌeigŶtLJ ϭϳϲ Ϯ.ϰ.ϯ.ϭ.IŶteƌŶal SoǀeƌeigŶtLJ & EdžteƌŶal SoǀeƌeigŶtLJ ϭϳϳ Ϯ.ϰ.ϯ.Ϯ.Real SoǀeƌeigŶtLJ & NoŵiŶal SoǀeƌeigŶtLJ .ϭϳϳ Ϯ.ϰ.ϯ.ϯ. Legal SoǀeƌeigŶtLJ & PolitiĐal SoǀeƌeigŶtLJ & Populaƌ SoǀeƌeigŶtLJ ϭϳϳ Ϯ.ϰ.ϯ.ϰ.De Juƌe SoǀeƌeigŶtLJ & De FaĐto SoǀeƌeigŶtLJϭϳϴ ϯ. MAJOR THEORIES ON THE ORIGINS OF THE STATEϭϳϵ ϯ.ϭ. STATE AND OTHER CONCEPTS ϭϳϵ ϯ.ϭ.ϭ. State aŶd SoĐietLJ .ϭϳϵ ϯ.ϭ.Ϯ. State aŶd NatioŶϭϴϬ ϯ.ϭ.ϯ. State aŶd GoǀeƌŶŵeŶt ϭϴϬ ϯ.Ϯ. MAJOR THEORIESϭϴϭ ϯ.Ϯ.ϭ. VoluŶtaƌistiĐ Theoƌiesϭϴϭ ϯ.Ϯ.Ϯ. CoeƌĐiǀe TheoƌLJ.ϭϴϮ ϯ.Ϯ.ϯ. EŶǀiƌoŶŵeŶtal CiƌĐuŵsĐƌiptioŶ.ϭϴϮ ϯ.Ϯ.ϰ. PolitiĐal EǀolutioŶ ϭϴϯ CHAPTER 9 ϭ. DEFINITION OF CRIMINAL LAW .ϭϵϮ Ϯ. MAJOR ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL LAW ϭϵϮ Ϯ.ϭ. DEFINITION OF CRIMES.ϭϵϮ Ϯ.Ϯ. TYPES OF CRIMES ϭϵϰ Ϯ.ϯ. SANCTIONSϮϬϭ Ϯ.ϰ. PRINCIPLE OF NON-RETROACTIVITY .ϮϬϲ ϯ. AIMS OF PUNISHMENT .ϮϬϲ CHAPTER 10 ϭ. TURKISH CIVIL LAW.Ϯϭϭ ϭ.ϭ. THE PRELIMINARY CHAPTER OF TURKISH CIVIL CODEϮϭϭ ϭ.Ϯ. LAW OF PERSONSϮϭϰ ϭ.Ϯ.ϭ. ClassifiĐatioŶ of PeƌsoŶs Ϯϭϰ ϭ.Ϯ.Ϯ. BegiŶŶiŶg aŶd EŶd of PeƌsoŶalitLJϮϭϱ ϭ.Ϯ.ϯ. CapaĐitLJ .Ϯϭϲ ϭϱ ϭ.ϯ. FAMİLY LAW . Ϯϭϵ ϭ.ϯ.ϭ. FiliatioŶ . Ϯϭϵ ϭ.ϯ.ϭ.ϭ.Natuƌal FiliatioŶ Ϯϭϵ ϭ.ϯ.ϭ.Ϯ.AƌtifiĐial FiliatioŶ. ϮϮϭ ϭ.ϯ.Ϯ. Maƌƌiage ϮϮϮ ϭ.ϯ.Ϯ.ϭ.CoŶditioŶs of Valid Maƌƌiage iŶ TuƌkeLJ ϮϮϮ ϭ.ϯ.ϯ. DiǀoƌĐe ϮϮϰ ϭ.ϯ.ϯ.ϭ. Legal CoŶseƋueŶĐes of Maƌƌiage aŶd DiǀoƌĐe . ϮϮϱ ϭ.ϰ. LAW OF SUCCESSION ϮϮϳ ϭ.ϰ.ϭ. IŶteƌstate SuĐĐessioŶ ϮϮϴ ϭ.ϰ.Ϯ. Testate SuĐĐessioŶ ϮϮϵ ϭ.ϰ.ϯ. AgƌeeŵeŶt of IŶheƌitaŶĐe. ϮϮϵ ϭ.ϰ.ϰ. Liŵit of Fƌee Will. ϮϯϬ ϭ.ϰ.ϱ. Reseƌǀed PoƌtioŶs . ϮϯϬ ϭ.ϰ.ϲ. DisĐlaiŵ of IŶheƌitaŶĐe . Ϯϯϭ ϭ.ϱ. LAW OF PROPERTY . Ϯϯϭ Ϯ. LAW OF OBLIGATION Ϯϯϭ Ϯ.ϭ. CONTRACTS ϮϯϮ Ϯ.Ϯ. ILLEGAL ACTS ;TORTSͿ ϮϯϮ Ϯ.ϯ. UNJUST ENRICHMENTS Ϯϯϯ CHAPTER 11 ϭ. TURKISH COMMERCIAL LAW.Ϯϯϴ ϭ.ϭ. INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER ϮϰϬ ϭ.Ϯ. BOOK ONE ;ARTICLE ϭϭ-ϭϮϯͿ: COMMERCIAL ;BUSINESSͿ ENTERPRISES ϮϰϮ ϭ.ϯ. BOOK TWO ;ARTICLE ϭϮϰ-ϲϰϰͿ: BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS ;CORPORATE LAWͿ . Ϯϰϱ ϭ.ϯ.ϭ. ColleĐtiǀe CoŵpaŶLJ. Ϯϰϱ ϭ.ϯ.Ϯ. CoŵŵaŶdite CoŵpaŶLJ . Ϯϰϲ ϭ.ϯ.ϯ. JoiŶt StoĐk CoŵpaŶLJ. Ϯϰϳ ϭ.ϯ.ϰ. Liŵited CoŵpaŶies . Ϯϰϳ ϭ.ϯ.ϱ. Coopeƌatiǀes . Ϯϰϴ ϭ.ϰ. BOOK THREE ;ARTICLE ϲϰϱ-ϴϰϵͿ: COMMERCIAL PAPERS ;NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTSͿ Ϯϰϴ ϭ.ϱ. BOOK FOUR ;ARTICLE ϴϱϬ-ϵϯϬͿ: TRANSPORT BUSINESS Ϯϰϴ ϭ.ϲ. BOOK FIVE ;ARTICLE ϵϯϭ-ϭϰϬϬͿ: MARITIME LAW Ϯϰϵ ϭ.ϳ. BOOK SIX ;ARTICLE ϭϰϬϭ-ϭϱϯϱͿ: INSURANCE LAW. ϮϱϬ ϭϲ CHAPTER 12 ϭ. CONFLICT OF LAWS .Ϯϱϲ Ϯ. LAW OF NATIONALITY.Ϯϱϵ ϯ. LAW OF ALIENS.ϮϲϮ CHAPTER 13 ϭ. THE LAW OF CIVIL PROCEDUREϮϳϱ Ϯ. THE LAW OF CRIMINAL PROCEDUREϮϳϵ ϯ. THE LAW OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE Ϯϴϲ CHAPTER 14 ϭ. LABOUR LAWϮϵϰ ϭ.ϭ. INDIVIDUAL LABOUR LAW Ϯϵϳ ϭ.ϭ.ϭ. CoŶtƌaĐt of EŵploLJŵeŶt .Ϯϵϳ ϭ.ϭ.Ϯ. TLJpes of EŵploLJŵeŶt CoŶtƌaĐts .Ϯϵϴ ϭ.ϭ.Ϯ.ϭ.EŵploLJŵeŶt ĐoŶtƌaĐt foƌ a defiŶite ;fidžedͿ teƌŵ aŶd foƌ aŶ iŶdefiŶite ;opeŶ-eŶdedͿ teƌŵ Ϯϵϵ ϭ.ϭ.Ϯ.Ϯ.EŵploLJŵeŶt ĐoŶtƌaĐts iŶ ĐoŶtiŶuous aŶd tƌaŶsitoƌLJ ǁoƌk Ϯϵϵ ϭ.ϭ.Ϯ.ϯ.Paƌt-tiŵe aŶd full-tiŵe eŵploLJŵeŶt ĐoŶtƌaĐts Ϯϵϵ ϭ.ϭ.Ϯ.ϰ.EŵploLJŵeŶt ĐoŶtƌaĐt ǁith a tƌial ;pƌoďatioŶͿ Đlause.Ϯϵϵ ϭ.ϭ.ϯ. TeƌŵiŶatioŶ of Laďouƌ CoŶtƌaĐts Ϯϵϵ ϭ.ϭ.ϰ. OďligatioŶs aŶd Duties of EŵploLJeƌϯϬϰ ϭ.ϭ.ϱ. OďligatioŶs aŶd Duties of EŵploLJee .ϯϬϲ ϭ.Ϯ. COLLECTIVE LABOUR LAW ϯϬϳ Ϯ. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW .ϯϬϴ ϯ. BANKING LAW ϯϭϭ CONCEPT INDEX.ϯϭϵ